Analysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell - 951 Words

The novel, 1984, composed by George Orwell, presents a frightening picture, where one government has complete control of the general population. The story takes place in London, England. The government that is made in the novel is controlled by Big Brother. In 1984, the protagonist, Winston, really despises the totalitarian government, that tries to control all aspects of his life. So many freedoms that we all need to live a happy and healthy life are being stripped away from the citizens of Oceania. Like the freedom to speak freely, the freedom of thought, and freedom of emotion. Human relationships are impossible to sustain because the state does not allow relationships. They are simply comrades who are in command of Big Brother. From birth, the Party did not allow any emotion. The citizens were taught that engaging in sexual relations and experiencing passionate feelings for another was unacceptable. Julia shows up in this story as a free-spirited rebel who forms a romantic affair with Winston. How was removing sex from the lives of its citizens used to the Party’s advantage? In chapter eleven of this novel, Julia says, When you make love you re using up energy; and afterward, you feel happy and don t give a damn for anything. They can t bear you to feel like that. They want you to be bursting with energy all the time. All this marching up and down and cheering and waving ï ¬â€šags is simply sex gone sour. If you re happy inside yourself, why should you get excitedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1205 Words   |  5 PagesThis phenomenon is evident in George Orwell’s novel, 1984 in which the protagonist, Winston possesses critical features of a rebel. The rebellious personality of Winston is first introduced to the reader through his thoughtcrime’s. This trait is also distinctly seen through the doubts he has towards the governing party. Finally, the characteristic of rebellion is also successfully shown through Winston’s desire for happiness. It is evident that through the novel 1984, Winston is a rebell ious characterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1220 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel 1984, written by George Orwell, there is a place called Oceania where the government is Big Brother. The government, the Party, and the Thought Police are constantly oppressing the citizens of Oceania. Most of the people don t know that they are being oppressed, but the two main characters, Julia and Winston are able to realize this oppression and don t stand for it. Winston and Julia absolutely hate the Party, and are constant breaking the â€Å"rules† of the Party. Julia is self-centeredRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell965 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell, Winston wants to keep the humanity that so many people have lost. He sees everyone as robots controlled by the government that can no longer think for themselves, or remember any of the past before Big Brother came into power. Within the novel it seems as if people lose their humanity, but this poses the question what is humanity? Humanity can work both with and against the government, humans can be forced to believe the ideas of the government, and the powerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1782 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel 1984, by George Orwell, the government of Oceania is able to have supreme control over its population. The citizens of Oceania live in angst of the â€Å"Big Brother.† This instills a great amount of fear in the citizens who believe they must fulfill the government s expectations. The government not only invaded the person privacy of the Oceanic citizens, but they took away their basic human rights. By stiripping its citizens of their rights, like freedom of speech, The Party is able toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1326 Words   |  6 PagesHow do you classify an individual’s freedom? Freedom can be defined as the power or right to act, speak and thi nk without any restrictions and disciplines. George Orwell’s novel 1984, is about a dystopian society in which citizens don’t have any privacy and they are under constant surveillance by the Party. The setting of the novel describes the suppress of individuality and freedom in the society. However, Orwell’s definition of freedom is that people need to be given what they need and know theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1602 Words   |  7 Pagesupside-down society that is Nazi-Germany? While no other time period comes close, the novel we have been reading in class deals vigorously with dystopian society. 1984, by George Orwell, is a dystopian, fiction-based book that features a main character named Winston Smith, a girl named Julia, and many others who come together to make for a very intense storyline and an intriguing read. It takes place in Oceania, in 1984, while it was written in 1948. With a sense of science fiction, it’s set i n near-futureRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell explores the meaning of humanity and the tactics that a totalitarian government may use to strip humanity from the people in order to maintain power. The main character Winston strives to preserve his humanity throughout the novel in his ability to think freely. The government tries to control its constituent’s thoughts, through tactics of propaganda, regulation, telescreen monitors, the thought police, and five ministries. These tactics are to control the constituentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1844 Words   |  8 Pages1984 Book Report The novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell is a highly praised and influential work in the dystopian genre. Since its release in 1949, its themes have been admired by many, and its world an alarming insight into a seemingly foreign, but very possible situation. The story is set in London, in the fictional superstate of Oceania, and more specifically â€Å"Airstrip one†, (formerly the British Isles). The main character, Winston Smith, is a member of the Outer Party, which makes up half of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1772 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel â€Å"1984† illustrated by George Orwell emphasizes a story of love, truth, and imaginations. The story was taken place in London but during the time they were always at war with Eurasia, Eastasia, and Oceania. There were two love birds in the story, which was Winston Smith and Julia, but were separated from each other, due to disobeying policies, being betrayed by the corrupt police, and always being watched by Big Brother. Big brother is nothing, but a piece of paper all over the placeRead MoreCommentary Analysis of George Orwell ´s Novel: 1984897 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1984 by George Orwell, the author depicts the perfect totalitarian socie ty, a society that has absolute control over everything pertaining to its people. The title of the novel, 1984, was meant to indicate to its readers in 1949 that the story represented a real possibility for the immediate future. If totalitarianism was not fought against, there was an actual risk that a similar civilization could come about. By demonstrating what a tyrannical society would be like, Orwell showed the control

Case Predicting Performance Free Essays

The pressure of the SAT exam is very great, and many students suffer from test anxiety. The results, therefore, may not truly reflect what a student knows. There is evidence that coaching improves scores by between 40 and 1 50 points. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Predicting Performance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Test scores, therefore, may adversely affect the chances of acceptance for students who cannot afford the $600 or $700 to take test-coaching courses. Are Stats valid, or do they discriminate against minorities, the poor, and those who have had limited access to cultural growth experiences? Alternatives: 1- Keep student selection criteria and its weights as it is for now â€Å"including SAT at 0%† 2- Increase SAT weight 3- Decrease SAT weight to 20% and add to the criteria intelligent test with weight of Alternatives Evaluation: 1 . Keep student selection criteria and its weights as it is for now â€Å"including SAT at 40%† Positives; l. It will give Alex more time to do further study and benchmark with similar colleges. Ii. Alex will gain more practical experience to be able to judge fairly on SAT score iii. People who design the SAT† lb. Stats tap intelligence and employers want intelligent job applicants Negative; I. Alex concerns about SAT score will remain 2. Increase SAT weight Positives; I. SAT score are valid predictors of how well a person will do in college. â€Å"According to people who design the SAT† IL. Stats tap intelligence and employers want intelligent I. Alex concerns about SAT score will increase 3. Decrease SAT weight to 20% and add to the criteria intelligent test with weight of I. SAT will remain part of the selection criteria it. Intelligent test is used by multimillion companies to choose their future employees so by using it in the student selection criteria it will improve the college graduates in finding their Jobs. Negative; I. What if a student â€Å"poor† excels in intelligent test but didn’t do so well in SAT score? It will remain a dilemma to accept him in Ale’s highly selective college. Recommendation:- First alternative is for me is the best†¦ Although it’s scores less than second alternative in the evaluation yet it will allow Alex to have enough time to gain more practical experience and benchmark with other similar organization to improve her decision making process. Also in the second alternative Alex concerns about SAT score will not be eliminated or solved! Prepared by: Amman Taft How to cite Case Predicting Performance, Papers

Preferred stock Essay Example For Students

Preferred stock Essay This case is about a company named Hearts R us. This company provides research and development for medical devices. According to the information provided the company is in its early stage and has no products in the market. They have developed a Heart Valve System that would be revolutionary in the market if is approved. Also theres another company called Bionic Body that is a biological medical device company, they have another product that would work well With this new Heart Value System. Therefore both companies decided to fuse by agreement. The agreement is as follows: $3. Million preferred stock shares of Series A from Heart Company are sold to Bionics with a par value of SSL each. This transaction was completed on November 30, 201 1, according to the information provided. This transaction gave Bionic specific rights: 1. Board Rights, 2. Mandatory Conversion right, 3. Contingent Redemption Rights, 4. Additional Protective Rights, 5. Right of first refusal and Co-Sale Rights. The $3. 5 millions of shares would be convertible in common stock according to the agreement when the PIP reaches net proceeds of at least $50 millions. It is stated that if on ear five of the agreement the FDA has not yet approve the product to be in the market; the shares could be redeemed at its par value. Hearts R us is a company that reports on a year basis and its planning to make an PIP soon. There are a couple of issues surrounding this case. First is an early-stage company that doesnt have the financial stability and this might create trouble for further transactions. The only product that might be coming to the market still depends on a series of trials and the approval of the PDA Since the company is just starting; all of its accounting transactions have being recorded to comply with the events of its outstanding debt. Furthermore they are not required to comply with SEC and are currently not doing so. Also theirs an issue of how to be done to register the Series A shares that have being sold to Bionic. Accounting Authorities Definitions and Statements: Definitions according to FAST: 505-10-20 ; Preferred Stock: A security that has preferential rights compared to common stock. ;Participation Rights: contractual rights of security holders to receive dividends or returns from the security issuers profits, cash flows, or returns on investment. FAST has some guide lines of how companies should report or disclose information of their securities. . FAST: addresses disclosure of information about capital arrangement is in the FAST Codification 505-10-50-3. 2. Participation Right is contractual right of security holders to receive dividends or returns from security issuers profits, cash flows or returns on investments, ; FAST Codification 50310-50-3: An entity shall explain, in summary form within its financial statements, the pertinent rights and privileges of the various securities outs tanding. Examples of information that shall be disclosed are dividend and liquidation preferences, participation right, call prices and dates, conversion or exercise prices or rates and pertinent dates, sinking-fund requirements, unusual voting rights, and significant terms of contracts to issue additional shares. An entity shall disclose within its financial statements the number Of shares issued upon conversion, exercise, or satisfaction of required conditions during at least the most recent annual fiscal period and any subsequent interim period presented. ; FAST codification 505-10-50-4: An entity that issues preferred stock (or Other senior stock) that has a preference in involuntary liquidation considerably in excess of the par or stated value of the shares shall disclose the liquidation preference of the stock (the relationship between the preference in liquidation and the par or stated value of the shares). That disclosure shall be made in the equity section of the statement of financial position in the aggregate, either parenthetically or in short, rather than on a per- share basis or through disclosure in the notes. .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f , .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f .postImageUrl , .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f , .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f:hover , .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f:visited , .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f:active { border:0!important; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f:active , .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubc24ebf624c57f9d904679c2a875ba8f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The United States At The Paris Peace Conference EssayA financial instrument, other than an outstanding share, that, at inception, embodies an obligation to purchase the issuers equity shares, or is indexed to such an obligation, and that requires or may require the issuer to settle the obligation by transferring assets (for example, a forward purchase contract or written put option on the issuers equity shares that is to be physically settled or net cash settled). A financial instrument that embodies an unconditional obligation, or a financial instrument other than an outstanding share that embodies a conditional obligation, that the issuer must or may settle by issuing a variable number of its equity shares, it, at inception, the monetary value to the obligation is based solely or predominantly on any of the following: ; A fixed monetary amount known at inception, for example, a payable settable with a variable number of the issuers equity shares.

Russian Society Right After The Emancipation English Literature Essay free essay sample

The whole drama is a plaint of the transition of clip and every character seems to be fighting with it. The fact that the scene is shown as A room which is still called the babys room , incorporating the word still , delineates intense nostalgia and sets the ambiance of heartache and sorrow on phase. The scene of the drama is in the month of May when the cherries have blossomed in the grove, and although it is summer it is still cold as evident from the line, it is already May, the cherry trees are in flower, but it is cold in the garden and there is a forenoon hoar [ 2 ]. The flowering trees and cherries symbolize the prosperity of the blue bloods which prevailed for a long clip. However, if the trees are in flower now, it is inevitable that the flowers will shortly shrink, that is, the bloom will stop shortly, symbolic of the diminution of the manner of life it represents. We will write a custom essay sample on Russian Society Right After The Emancipation English Literature Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact, the bloom is foreshadowed to last for an even shorter period than normal because it is a cold forenoon. The drama starts with Lopakhin and Dunyasha on phase. When Dunyasha s duologues are deliberated on, we see the struggle between the aroused expectancy of master and mistressaˆÂ ¦coming where she clearly shows the trueness and fidelity of a retainer and the fact that her custodies are trembling , she feels quite swoon and is too refined where she appears more like a lady than a retainer. Hence, early on in the drama, the audience is shown the nature of struggle that the liberated helot undergo. Dunyasha s province complements Lopakhin s admittance that, despite looking like a gentleman, he is a peasant of the provincials . Dunyasha s lines, instantly following Lopakhin s ain struggle show that while some liberated helots have earned the wealth, doing them look like the aristocracy, others like Dunyasha may non hold yet achieved it but dream of lifting up the societal ladder. Conflict is besides evident in what Dunyasha is advised: you ought to retrieve your station which h elps the audience to understand that the helot were still bound to old imposts and societal hierarchy. Dunyasha becomes an of import minor character stand foring the quandary the helot face since they are diffident what their topographic point in society is. As a motive, Dunyasha is seen to be on the brink of fainting, a feature of ladies. Her address is in imitation of the ladies and she is self-involved as ladies would be. She announces to Lopakhin and Anya that Ephikhodof has proposed to her but like a lady with many boyfriend, she hardly ( knows ) what to believe of it . She fancies Yasha whose posturing as a gentleman is more appealing to her and she can non make up ones mind whom to take between Yasha and Ephikhodof. Yasha, the objectionable adult male retainer of Madame Ranevsky, is besides an illustration of the confusion in Russian society. He excessively suffers from an individuality crisis as reflected from his audaciousness, pretense and coarseness on phase. He abstains from seeing his female parent because she reminds him of his provincial yesteryear and ca nt wait to r eturn back to Paris every bit shortly as possible. The helot have now taken on occupations that they are ill-suited to execute. Both Yasha and Dunyasha are inefficient as retainers. Dunyasha forgets the pick when acquiring the java for Madame Ranevsky. Firs, angry at such forgetfulness, calls her a job-lot and the audience realizes the difference between the likes of Firs and the modern job-lots. Ephikhodof uses linguistic communication in a manner that he feels will do him look erudite but tragically ends up being utterly amusing and inexplicable. He excessively poses as a romantic hero, singing a melancholy love vocal upon a mandoline which Dunyasha corrects to be a guitar. He comes across as a sarcasm of a romantic hero whose menace of suicide fusss none. In comparing to these ill-fitted characters, is Firs. He is besides a misfit, dressed in his livery of long coat and white vest and white baseball mitts before he can function java to his kept woman. He has remained unchanged by the Reform and laments the release when the helot were happy but why they were happy they did nt cognize themselves . He prefers the old hierarchal society when the provincials minded the Masterss, and the Masterss minded the provincials and is antipathetic to the present twenty-four hours higgledy-piggledy evident from the retainers behaviors. His house belief in the old order makes him unwilling to accept that the Postmaster and the Station-Master are invited to dance alternatively of generals and barons . He feels physically sick typifying the unwellness in perceives in the manner times have changed. He merely remembers the glorification of the yesteryear when helot used to dry the cherries and soak em and pickle em He helps the audience to unders tand precisely why the grove is so creaky and why Madame Ranevsky has such a immense debt to pay that the grove is threatened to be auctioned. Firs shows how of import the past and its bequest are to one group of characters on phase. In a manner, even Charlotte reveals the importance of a past and of memory. She says, Where I come from and who I am, I have nt a impression and that she has no dealingss or friends. The deficiency of a past creates in her an individuality crisis which contrasts with the crisis Firs faces because of his memory. Pishtchik, another minor character exemplifies why the aristocracy are in great debts. He besides exemplifies Trophimov s description of the Russian landholders at that clip. Like the Ranevskys, he excessively is baffled and faces pecuniary jobs but does nil about it, trusting something good will go on. This baseless optimism is apparent in all the characters who seem to be lost in the yesteryear and shows that likely this was the province of Russian aristocracy at that clip. He is invariably inquiring for money from Ranevsky and makes false promises, I ll pay aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ piddling amount. While all characters are fighting with their personal memories and struggles, Trophimof is the lone character who reflects on the hereafter of Russia at this point of monumental alteration. He dreams of a Russia where Mankind marches frontward and he sees himself march in the first ranks . He is an dreamer who will demo Russians how to acquire there even if he fails to recognize it in his life-time. His remarks on the blue bloods who call themselves intelligentsia but do perfectly nil, merely talk about scientific discipline show why feudal system needed to be abolished. They treated the peasants like animate beings and while the one per centum minority carry on their lives without any intent, the remainder live like barbarians . For him the grove is a symbol of Russia s oppressive yesteryear and non something glorious and brilliant. Hence we find a tone of plaint in his address to Anya about her ancestors ( being ) serf-owners, proprietors of populating psyches . Trophimof d oes non see in the grove any beauty but hears alternatively human voices and sees human liquors that have perished in oppressive labor. The audience were made to experience hurting over the disintegrating province of the grove but now, Trophimof s disclosures present an wholly contrasting thought that makes them understand how one alteration can be both good and evil. It is Trophimof who by act uponing Anya to believe in his selfless dreams and altering the manner she perceived the estate makes the audience believe that the Moon is ( so ) lifting . The flood tide of the play shows Firs sitting at that place inactive inside the estate waiting for his decease. His words, They ve gone. They ve forgotten me. Never head! I ll sit here aˆÂ ¦ . Job batch! [ 3 ]are really important as his plaint and calamity symbolize the past death off and paving the manner for a new beginning. The playwright employs the minor characters to foreground the issues of the drama and the struggles that the chief characters face. They besides explicate the province that the grove and the whole of Russia are in. The playwright elicits commiseration and compassion for the bad lucks of the supporter by the usage of complementary characters who act as foils. Even the minor characters are released from the manner destiny ties them to the grove.

A Successful Tourism Operation Management Tourism Essay Essay Example

A Successful Tourism Operation Management Tourism Essay Essay Example A Successful Tourism Operation Management Tourism Essay Essay A Successful Tourism Operation Management Tourism Essay Essay Traveling to go to in athletics or to watch featuring events is perennial. Equally early as 900 BC the Greeks were going to take portion in and watch the Ancient Greek Games ( Gibson, 1998 ) . Back to recent decennaries, even though there are many factors affect touristry growing, in most people s head, the most part comes from planetary events, particularly mega-sport events that, in peculiar, are considered to imply important benefits for the host state in footings of touristry reachings, both at the same time with the event and as a bequest of it ( Baade A ; Matheson, 2003 ; Baade A ; Matheson, 2004 ; Hagn A ; Maennig, 2009 ; Matheson A ; Baade, 2004 ; Preuss, 2004 ; Preuss, 2007a ; Preuss, 2007b ; Solberg A ; Preuss, 2006 ) . It can be apparent that in 2008 the universe s travel and touristry generated about US $ 5,890 billion of economic activity. With the part of travel A ; touristry to Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) expected to lift from 9.9 % in 2008 to 10.5 % by 2018, the following decennary will see touristry grosss transcending US $ 10,000 billion ( Bangkok, 2012 ) . And sport touristry, which is enormously affected by mega-sport event, is at the bosom of this growing and as the fastest turning sector in the planetary travel and touristry industry, accounted in 2008 for an amazing US $ 600 billion or +10 % of the international touristry market ( Bangkok, 2012 ) . As the hosting a mega-sport event, it make the host metropolis easy gain the market portion by set up a touristry finish image and besides heighten the finish trade name consciousness from hypertrophied market. Furthermore, the relevant touristry subdivision such as concern touristry besides gained immense donee after mega-sport event. Fo r illustration, Barcelona s convention agency concern increased by 129 % in the twelvemonth following the 1992 games, concern visit reachings to Australia increased by 78 % between 1993 and 1997 and by 17 % between 1997 and 2000 ( DCMS, 2006 ) . Therefore, historically, hosting a mega-sport event is viewed by the host metropolis as a stimulator of touristry and economic industries if the event is decently leveraged ( Karadakis, et al. , 2010 ) . In another word, the economic systems of metropoliss, parts and in the instance of pulling mega events such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup full states are progressively reliant on uniting event and touristry to leap get down economic and socio-economic alteration For case: the South African travel and touristry sector, of which athletics touristry is a subdivision, was set to lend 8.7 % to the gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) in 2009 ( WTTC, 2009 ) . One possible ground should be the extent of event touristry, which consists of those tourers who are attracted to a state or part with the specific purpose of devouring event-specific goods ( Fourie A ; Spronk, 2011 ) . The success of hosting events of this nature has arguably assisted South Africa in constructing its touristry substructure and has helped construct its repute as an international tourer finish ( Rogerson A ; Visser, 2004 ) . And the event bequest has led the state s ability to export travel services sustainably, bettering the balance of payments, making occupations and hiking economic growing ( Fourie, 2011 ) . However, a batch of bookmans consider the impact of touristry of mega-events as holding been excessively optimistic ( Matheson, 2002 ; Matheson, 2006 ; Matheson A ; Baade, 2004 ; Preuss A ; Kurscheidt, 2009 ) . In peculiar, Maennig and co-authors ( Allmers A ; Maennig, 2009 ) found that, in connexion with the hosting of the 2006 FIFA World Cup by Germany, the visitant Numberss experienced at the clip appeared small different from normal touristry reachings, despite the 2006 World Cup being widely considered as one of the most successful World Cup events yet ( Fourie A ; Spronk, 2011 ) . And it may besides do tonss of negative impacts to the host such as fiscal disease, environment pollution. Even though mega-sport event merely last less than one month, its impacts on touristry are long-run and assorted. Therefore, the event organisers face the challenges that develop touristry at the pre-event phase, during event phase and post-event phase every bit good, and exploit assorted touristry markets such as athletics touristry, concern touristry in properly scheme through the event host. This research will concentrate three facets: selling scheme, finish service quality and sustainable development. Through selling scheme, the nexus is established between touristry and mega-sport event ; finish service provides choice circuits experience to visitants and sustainability form a standard of all strategic activities. Aim and aims The purpose of this survey is to carry on a strategic analysis of the touristry operation direction of mega-sport events. The stairss to accomplish the purpose are formulated into four aims: To demo an overview of impact of the mega-sport event on touristry. To look into selling scheme for a mega-sport event by analysing motive phase theoretical account that divide tourer market and set uping a nexus between event and touristry through selling mix. To look into finish service quality by analyzing the proficient quality such as adjustment, attractive forces and conveyance ; and functional quality such as voluntary and cab driver. To look into the bequest of mega-sport event by societal, environment and economic system facets and measure their impacts on sustainable development of touristry. Research principle Hosting a mega-sport event provides host metropolis an international market to advance itself with assorted supports such as fund and policy. The success of hosting these events will help host to better touristry substructure and assist construct its repute as an international tourer finish. However, as the purchase power and demands of tourer addition, the organisation still have infinite to develop their scheme to run into the demand and to maximise the gross. Equally good as the post-event period, there are tonss of challenges needed to get the better of such as low utilizing rate of locales while high maintain fee occurs. Harmonizing to Jeffrey ( 2010 ) , the host besides should see the negative impacts of hosting an event. Since an event takes topographic points in a societal and political environment, there ever will be some issues with citizens who are against this event like local citizens. Therefore, it is really of import to look at the long-run effects for the finish after the event takes topographic point. Major events are short-run events with long-run effects for the hosted ( Winter, 2010 ) . In order to minimise these effects, a successful touristry operation direction is necessary in order to develop a sustainable athletics touristry finish. The hosts should develop a finish that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands. Organization of research The thesis is divided into five chapters. Following this debut, the topics of what would be a successful touristry operation direction of a mega-sport event are so reviewed with the penetration and restriction of literature in Chapter 2. Following the literature reappraisal, the factors of host s operation that influential to the touristry will be explored in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 covers the methodological analysis employed in this research subject, and the findings, analysis and rating will be presented in Chapter 4. Finally, the decision and recommendations are drawn in Chapter 5.

Understand Chemistry Unit Conversions

Understand Chemistry Unit Conversions Unit conversions are important in all sciences, although they may seem more critical in chemistry because many calculations use different units. Every measurement you take should reporting with the proper units. While it may take practice to master unit conversions, you only need to know how to multiply, divide, add, and subtract to do them. The math is easy as long as you know which units can be converted from one to another and how to set up conversion factors in an equation. Know the Base Units There are several common base quantities, such as mass, temperature, and volume. You can convert between different units of a base quantity, but may not be able to convert from one type of quantity to another. For example, you can convert grams to moles or kilograms, but you cant convert grams to Kelvin. Grams, moles, and kilograms are all units that describe the amount of matter, while Kelvin describes temperature. There are seven fundamental base units in the SI or metric system, plus there are other units that are considered base units in other systems. A base unit is a single unit. Here are some common ones: Mass kilogram (kg), gram (g), pound (lb) Distance or Length meter (m), centimeter (cm), inch (in), kilometer (km), mile (mi) Time second (s), minute (min), hour (hr), day, year Temperature Kelvin (K), Celsius (C), Fahrenheit (F) Quantity mole (mol) Electric Current ampere (amp) Luminous Intensity candela Understand Derived Units Derived units (sometimes called special units) combine the base units. An example of a derived unit is a unit for area, square meters (m2) or the unit of force, the newton (kg ·m/s2). Also included are volume units. For example, there are liters (l), milliliters (ml), cubic centimeter (cm3). Unit Prefixes In order to convert between units, youll want to know common unit prefixes. These are used primarily in the metric system as a sort of shorthand notation to make numbers easier to express. Here are some useful prefixes to know: Name Symbol Factor giga- G 109 mega- M 106 kilo- k 103 hecto- h 102 deca- da 101 base unit 100 deci- d 10-1 centi- c 10-2 milli- m 10-3 micro- 10-6 nano- n 10-9 pico- p 10-12 femto- f 10-15 As example of how to use the prefixes: 1000 meters 1 kilometer 1 km For very large or very small numbers, its easier to use scientific notation: 1000 103 0.00005 5 x 10-4 Performing Unit Conversions With all of this in mind, youre ready to perform unit conversions. A unit conversion can be thought of as a sort of equation. In math, you may recall if you multiply any number times 1, it is unchanged. Unit conversions work the same way, except 1 is expressed in the form of a conversion factor or ratio. Consider the unit conversion: 1 g 1000 mg This could be written as: 1g / 1000 mg 1 or 1000 mg / 1 g 1 If you multiply a value times either of these fractions, its value will be unchanged. Youll use this to cancel out units to convert them. Heres an example (notice how the grams cancel out in the numerator and denominator): 4.2x10-31g x 1000mg/1g 4.2x10-31 x 1000 mg 4.2x10-28 mg Using Your Calculator You can enter in these values in scientific notation on your calculator using the EE button: 4.2 EE -31 x 1 EE3 which will give you: 4.2 E -18 Heres another example. Convert 48.3 inches into feet. Either you know the conversion factor between inches and feet or you can look it up: 12 inches 1 foot or 12 in 1 ft Now, you set up the conversion so that the inches will cancel out, leaving you with feet in your final answer: 48.3 inches x 1 foot/12 inches 4.03 ft There is inches in both the top (numerator) and bottom (denominator) of the expression, so it cancels out. If you had tried to write: 48.3 inches x 12 inches/1 foot you would have had square inches / foot, which wouldnt have given you the desired units. Always check your conversion factor to make sure the correct term cancels out! You may need to switch the fraction around. Key Points Unit conversions only work if the units are the same type. For example, you cant convert mass into temperature or volume into energy.In chemistry, it would be nice if you only had to convert between metric units, but there are many common units in other systems. For example, you may need to convert a Fahrenheit temperature into Celsius or a pound mass into kilograms.The only math skills you need to do unit conversions are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Biodiesel an Alternative Source of Fuel Research Paper

Biodiesel an Alternative Source of Fuel - Research Paper Example Due to the emergence of many industries involved in converting â€Å"raw materials into finished goods†, biodiesel proves to be an alternative source of fuel to suit the operations of the existing and emerging industries (Kowalski, 2010). This fuel is also suitable for diesel vehicles. Biodiesel is a kind of energy generated from fats or vegetable oils combined with alcohol (Kowalski, 2010). This fuel is ideal for diesel engines, as it does not require the modifications of the engines for its use. The United States of America generates this fuel by using soybean oil. Many companies prefer to generate this fuel from already used fats and at times use grease. Biodiesel is effective, as one may prefer mixing it with diesel or use it alone. Biodiesel is ideal during its use as it is friendly to the environment and nontoxic. It is a recyclable fuel. Biodiesel tend to burn cleanly with minimal chocking smell and emits an insignificant portion of smoke. This fuel is not a source of p ollution as it emits insufficient amounts of pollutants such as â€Å"carbon (1V) Oxide and hydrocarbons and no sulfur† is contained in this substitute source of fuel (Kowalski, 2010). During its preparation, filtration of the fats or oils extensively is necessary to remove the contaminants and water present. Biodiesel contains high amounts of energy and its accurate tackiness makes it apposite for use in all vehicles and equipment that require diesel. In order to realize energy liberty, Biodiesel is the initiative to take and follow (Kowalski, 2010). Preparing Biodiesel Transesterification is the procedure of coming up with biodiesel. This process involves a chemical reaction thus a catalyst is necessary to augment the speed of reaction. Since the fats and oils are hydrocarbons, filtration is a prerequisite to clean them. After they are clean, alcohol is added to the mixture and a catalyst introduced. Sodium hydroxide is the preferred catalyst to speed up its manufacture. Th e catalyst does not become part of fuel in any way. The resulting product of the chemical reaction is biodiesel fuel (Demirbas, 2008). Biodiesel has become popular as heating oil in many countries with many residents of the United States using this fuel in place of household oil. Letter â€Å"B† comes along with a certain number to mark it. The number represents the percentage of this fuel in a mixture of petroleum and biodiesel. For example, a combination of 30% biodiesel and 70% petroleum is denoted as B30. B20 is the most popular biodiesel globally. Compared to the fossil fuels, biodiesel emits fifty percent less hydrocarbon and minimum amounts of sulfates and oxides (Demirbas, 2008). Over the past twenty years, biodiesel has proved to be a substitute fuel. It offers preventive measures of handling and transporting as its biodegradable. To eliminate low temperature gelling, additives are readily available in the market. The companies announce on a gel additive that blends well with B100 to prevent gelling of temperature without altering the engine components. To maintain the stability of the fuel, recommendations are that blends of biodiesel above B20 to be used not more than six months after its production. Uses of fuel functions optimally above B20 in older vehicles, precautions are necessary due to deposits left by petrol diesel. Biodiesel dissolves the sediments that in turn obstruct the fuel sift. â€Å"Positive Impacts of Biodiesel on the Environment† Biodiesel as an alternative source of fuel offers some positive impacts on the human health as well as the environment. The largest impact made by this fuel on the environment is that it serves to reduce smog.

Philosophy and literature- Antigone by Sophocles Essay

Philosophy and literature- Antigone by Sophocles - Essay Example The king decides to give his predecessor a decent burial and formulates harsh law to punish the Polyneices. Where else it is right to accord traitors the harshest punishment so as to discourage others from trying it, according to Sopholes (441 BC), leaving dead bodies to decay without being buried is not acceptable by the gods. The whole story has evidence of the conflict when choosing between the good and bad. Ismene is also faced with a hard decision to make when confronted by Antigone to lend a hand in burying their brother Polyneices. Unlike Antigone, Ismene decided to stick by the rules of the government, only to latter feel the weight of the cause of action taken by Antigone, which makes her willing to die with her. This conflict begins to manifests immediately after Oedipus, the father of Eteocles and Polyneices leaves the throne and moves out of the kingdom. The two brothers are left behind and they fail to agree on the rightful heir to inherit the throne. Eteocles drives Polyneices out of the kingdom, only to return to challenge the throne with war. The war results to the demise of the two brothers. King Creon takes over the throne and feels that Polyneices acted out of bad faith and portrayed actions of a traitor when he engaged the king in a battle that resulted to both their demise. As a punishment to Polyneices, Creon decides that his dead body will be left to decay and be eaten by vultures while Eteocles was buried with honor. With the love of a brother and the need to do right, Antigone then decides to go against the ruling of the king and decides to bury her brother. The main characters are Antigone and Creon. Antigone is committed to bury her brother regardless of the consequences that are set for anyone who will go against the law. She represents the common man who despite the presence of rules and regulations that are set to govern them, at one point

Exploratory Data Analysis Essay Example for Free

Exploratory Data Analysis Essay Exploratory Data Analysis Using the dataset Chamorro-Premuzic. sav, exploratory statistical analysis was carried out on the variables in the dataset. Scatter plots were formulated t give a clear visual view of the data for Extroversion and Agreeableness. Descriptive statistics were also formulated for the variables. 2. Decision about the missing data 3. Correlation A correlation analysis was carried out on the data for Extroversion and Agreeableness. 4. Regression.  A regression analysis was carried out on the data for Extroversion and Agreeableness to examines whether or not one can predict if a student wants a lecturer to be extroverted using the student’s extroversion score. The analysis was two-tailed since the answer sought to determine if the student wants a lecturer to be extroverted or not, and hence any deviation from the answer either positively or negatively would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis. (Triola, 2009) 5. Multiple Regression A multiple regression analysis was carried out to determine whether age, gender, and student’s extroversion can predict if a student wants the lecturer to be extroverted. (Lewicki, 2007) Part B. Applying Analytical Strategies to an Area of Research Interest 1. Research area of interest. The research was aimed at examining the relationship between extroversion and Agreeableness by lecturer and students on what to consider for extroversion. a. Pearson Correlation A parametric correlation analysis that seeks to identify any relationship between two variables. b. Spearman’s Correlation This is a correlation analysis that is non-parametric and aimed at identifying any relationship between two variables. c. Partial Correlation vs. Semi-Partial Correlation Partial correlation analysis is an analysis that seeks to identify the degree of a relationship between two variables when controlling factors has been introduced in the analysis. Semi-partial correlation analysis is an analysis that seeks to control the effect of a third variable in multiple regression and then finding the relationship between the remaining two variables. The method however retains the variation caused by the third variable that is removed from the equation. d. Simple Regression e. Multiple Regression f. Logistic Regression Logistic regression is a regression that seeks to identify the probability of occurrence of an event in a logit function. The regression model is used for binomial regression models. References Hill, T. and Lewicki, P. (2007). Stataistics Methods and Applications. London: Croom Helm. Triola F. (2009). Elementary Statistics (11th Edition). New York, ACM.

Compare Nothing’s Changed to Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two :: English Literature

Compare Nothing’s Changed to Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes’, showing how the poets reveal their ideas and feelings about the cultures and traditions that they are writing about. The poem ‘Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes’ has been chosen to be compared to ‘Nothing’s Changed’. The two poets Tatamkhulu Afrika and Lawrence Ferlinghetti reveal their ideas and feelings about the cultures and traditions that they have talked about through the tone, language and the structure of the poem. The reader can notice that both poets reveal that in an angry way. The poem that Lawrence Ferlinghetti wrote tells us how the poor people feel about the rich when they see them living and staying in a better place than they are. The poem also tells us the separations between the rich and poor. The poem ‘Nothing’s Changed’ talks about the separation between the whites and the blacks and how the whites usually treat the black people. The tone in ‘Nothing’s Changed’ is very angry and violent, to show the poets attitude to the fact that nothing has changed. His ideas and violent feelings are revealed in his tone. He shows a very bad attitude towards white people. The tone can be seen as that of a resigned way, as if he knows that it almost too much to hope that things can change. The poem ‘Two Scavengers †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ can be seen as a loud angry tone, to protest about the failure of democracy. It can also be seen as a somber, muted tone, to express sadness that a gap remains between rich and poor. Comparison in detail has been done between the two garbage men and the cool couples. The poem ‘Nothing’s Changed’ is written in the present tense. Even though he is talking about a past experience, it’s like it is happening now. This is one of the features that were used in the language to make us read the poem. The poet uses alliteration in all the stanzas except stanza four. In the first stanza he used alliteration when he used the words cuffs, cans and crunch. In the third stanza the poet uses alliteration on ‘g’. He also uses rhythmic echo in ‘hands’, ‘bones’ and ‘lungs’ in the second stanza. Repetition and assonance is also used in the second stanza. Sound pattern has been used in the fifth stanza. All this shows how the poet reveals his ideas and feelings about his culture and tradition. So the language he used helped him a lot to reveal his thoughts and feelings. The poem title ‘Two Scavengers †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ shows us that the poem will be about Compare Nothing’s Changed to Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two :: English Literature Compare Nothing’s Changed to Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes’, showing how the poets reveal their ideas and feelings about the cultures and traditions that they are writing about. The poem ‘Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes’ has been chosen to be compared to ‘Nothing’s Changed’. The two poets Tatamkhulu Afrika and Lawrence Ferlinghetti reveal their ideas and feelings about the cultures and traditions that they have talked about through the tone, language and the structure of the poem. The reader can notice that both poets reveal that in an angry way. The poem that Lawrence Ferlinghetti wrote tells us how the poor people feel about the rich when they see them living and staying in a better place than they are. The poem also tells us the separations between the rich and poor. The poem ‘Nothing’s Changed’ talks about the separation between the whites and the blacks and how the whites usually treat the black people. The tone in ‘Nothing’s Changed’ is very angry and violent, to show the poets attitude to the fact that nothing has changed. His ideas and violent feelings are revealed in his tone. He shows a very bad attitude towards white people. The tone can be seen as that of a resigned way, as if he knows that it almost too much to hope that things can change. The poem ‘Two Scavengers †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ can be seen as a loud angry tone, to protest about the failure of democracy. It can also be seen as a somber, muted tone, to express sadness that a gap remains between rich and poor. Comparison in detail has been done between the two garbage men and the cool couples. The poem ‘Nothing’s Changed’ is written in the present tense. Even though he is talking about a past experience, it’s like it is happening now. This is one of the features that were used in the language to make us read the poem. The poet uses alliteration in all the stanzas except stanza four. In the first stanza he used alliteration when he used the words cuffs, cans and crunch. In the third stanza the poet uses alliteration on ‘g’. He also uses rhythmic echo in ‘hands’, ‘bones’ and ‘lungs’ in the second stanza. Repetition and assonance is also used in the second stanza. Sound pattern has been used in the fifth stanza. All this shows how the poet reveals his ideas and feelings about his culture and tradition. So the language he used helped him a lot to reveal his thoughts and feelings. The poem title ‘Two Scavengers †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ shows us that the poem will be about

From Rejection to Acceptance: the Transformation of Maya

From Rejection to Acceptance: The Transformation of Maya Through Childhood Experiences In this novel, the main character, Marguerite Johnson or Maya, experiences many events that put her through a variety of psychological states. From the time that she is abandoned as a child and sent to live with their grandmother in Stamps, to giving birth as a sixteen year old woman, Maya experiences a wide variety of events and challenges, each having their own outcome and own effect on her state of mind.Angelou embodies these effects and feelings of displacement and alienation when she says â€Å"If growing up is painful for the southern black girl, being aware of her displacement is the rust on the razor that threatens the throat. It is an unnecessary insult. † (Angelou 4). Through this reflection, Angelou shows the turmoil that Maya is going through even during her early stages of life, and foreshadows the future struggle that is yet to come. The first event that has a significant effec t on Maya is the discovery that she was willfully given up by her parents.This discovery leads Maya to feel betrayed, and alienated from the rest of her family. This new knowledge leads her to see that not only was she given up by choice, but also the self-doubt that causes her to ask herself what she did wrong to deserve it. â€Å"The gifts opened doors to questions that neither of us wanted to ask. Why did they send us away? and What did we do so wrong? So wrong? † (Angelou 53). This introduction of self-doubt and feelings of alienation are what set up the opportunity for future tragedies and painful events in Maya’s life.One of these tragedies that occur is the molestation and rape of Maya by Mr. Freeman. Because of the fact that Maya is in a place of darkness and confusion in her life because of the new environment that she I thrust into, her need for love and attention gives Mr. Freeman the chance to take advantage of her. Though Maya does not feel completely comf ortable with the situation she likes being held my Mr. Freeman and does not realize what has happened. This need for attention and stability in her life is shown when she says â€Å"Finally he was quiet, and then came the nice part.He held me so softly that I wished he wouldn’t even let me go. I felt at home. From the way he was holding me I knew he’d never let me go or let anything bad ever happen to me. † (Angleou 73). Maya’s world is then once again shaken after Mr. Freeman is found dead shortly after the trial that she testified in. Even though he was her molester and rapist, she still feels responsible for his death, thus proving again that she is developing even deeper issues of self-doubt and alienation. After Maya’s return to Stamps, things are different than they were before she left.Even though she is shortly coaxed out of silence by Mrs. Flowers, she soon begins to feel the same feelings of alienation because of the fact that she is now beginning to personally confront the culture of racism in the south. With her employment under Mrs. Cullinan and the speech of Mr. Dunleavy given during the graduation ceremonies, Maya is shown the true sentiments of racism and prejudice in the south, and finally she is once again uprooted from her home and her life as Momma feels as if best for them to not be exposed to scenes of death and despair that the south will have in store for them.The move to California represents the last time that Maya will have to be uprooted from her home. The main events that contribute to the molding of Maya as a character and her mindset is her experiences with Big Bailey and the homeless children in the empty junkyard. Because of the experience with Dolores, Maya runs away from Big Bailey and spends a month on her own in this society made up of other homeless children, and because of this, Maya is beginning to realize that adults don’t really have any power over her and her life.She is final ly becoming her own person. This new sense of self-worth then gives her the confidence to become the first black streetcar operator in San Francisco. However, she still has some feelings of insecurity about her own body that become evident when she states that â€Å"In front of the mirror I detachedly examined my body. For a sixteen year old my breasts were sadly underdeveloped. They could only be called skin swellings, even by the kindest critic.The line from my rib cage to my knees fell straight without even a ridge to disturb its direction† (Angelou 274). This self-examination began to bring up thoughts of lesbianism and other possibilities, convincing Maya that she needed to have sex in order to determine the truth, however, in the process she becomes pregnant. Though the pregnancy was unintended it gave Maya the human connection that she had been craving her entire life. Throughout this novel Maya yearns for a sense of belonging but is typically only met with some form o f rejection.She is discriminated against, abused, neglected and abandoned. However despite all of this the development of her character leads from the helpless, alienated child in the beginning of the novel, to the proud African-American mother that we see at the end. Though some things that we see are disturbing and heart wrenching, they make Angelou into the the proud successful woman that she is today. Works Cited Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Random House, 1970. Print.

Does the Current Electoral Process Result in the best Candidate for President?

History informs us about the first method the parties developed in order to pick their presidential candidates. This method was the congressional caucus. The framer’s method in 1787 was that each elector would cast two electoral votes, each for a different person for president. The person who received the majority of the electoral votes would win the presidential election and the person who received the second most amount of electoral votes won the vice presidential election. However, the rise of political parties and the election of 1800 made a great change to the system.During this time the electors cast their two votes for two different persons. The 12th Amendment established the separation of the presidential and vice presidential election. With the election of Thomas Jefferson, each of the 73 Democratic- Republican Party voted for Thomas Jefferosn and Aaron Burr which caused a tie. To resolve this there was 36 separate votes in the House of Representatives to select the P resident and Vice President. In 1832, both major parties turned to the national convention as their presidential nomination device and still continues to serve them.Whether the current electoral process results in the best candidates for president is debatable. We must further look into the steps taken in order to become a president. Electing a president consists of five steps. These steps include primaries/caucuses, nomination at national convention, campaigning, election, and electoral college. Presidential primaries help to ensure that a party gets strong candidates for president. They do this by democratizing the delegate selection process and force would-be nominees to test their candidacies in actual political combat.This is how most states select the Democratic Republican candidate who will run against each other. A caucus is a nominating device where a group of people with similar views meet to select delegates to the national convention. Not just anyone is nominated. To be nominate one must be more than just an older white male. Though, it is usually male. One must have experience and have served in elective offices. They sometimes are protestant or incumbent with a pleasant appearance and developed speakings skills.Once all the primaries and  caucuses have been held and delegates are selected, the two major parties hold their nation conventions. The three main goals of the national convention are promoting party unity, adopting the party’s platform, and naming the party’s candidates. During this time each Presidential candidate chooses a running-mate for Vice-President. Once a candidate has won their party's nomination, he or she begins mapping campaign strategy . Campaigning is very important in order to win the votes of the American people. Through campaigning the cadidate states his or her position on various current issues.He or she steps up efforts to raise money and recruit volunteer workers. Fans of the candidates most likely w ill begin holding up signs encouraging to vote for their choice of candidate. Swing voters are important to campaigns since these are the 1/3 of the electorate who has not made up their minds at the start of the campaign. They are more open to persuasion for either campaigns. They also focus on battle-ground states since either candidate could win in those states. Finally on the first tuesday of November, the people vote for one candidate. This happens every four years.When a person casts a vote in the general election, they are not voting directly for an individual Presidential candidate. Instead, voters in each state actually cast their vote for a group of people, known as electors. These electors are part of the Electoral College and are supposed to vote for their state’s preferred candidate. In the Electoral College system, each state gets a certain number of electors, based on each state's total number of representation in Congress. Each elector gets one electoral vote. For example, a large state like California gets 54 electoral votes, while Rhode Island gets only four.All together, there are 538 Electoral votes. In December after the election, the electors cast their votes. When the votes are counted on January 6th, the Presidential candidate that gets more than half, 270, wins the election. The President-elect and Vice President-elect then take the oath of office and are inaugurated two weeks later, on January 20th. Returning to the main question, I don’t believe the electoral process results in the best candidates for President. I believe the choice should not be left for the electoral college but for each person’s vote to count.One alternative is the popular vote where everyone’s vote would count for one vote. I don't think it is fair to try to convince people that they have a voice and encourage them to vote, when the Electoral College has the final say. The Electoral College leads to things like there being massive amoun ts of campaigning being down in â€Å"battleground states† like Ohio and Florida while people in solidly â€Å"red† or solidly â€Å"blue† states have their issues basically ignored because it's almost certain which way the state is going to go.History informs us about the first method the parties developed in order to pick their presidential candidates. This method was the congressional caucus. The framer’s method in 1787 was that each elector would cast two electoral votes, each for a different person for president. The person who received the majority of the electoral votes would win the presidential election and the person who received the second most amount of electoral votes won the vice presidential election. However, the rise of political parties and the election of 1800 made a great change to the system.During this time the electors cast their two votes for two different persons. The 12th Amendment established the separation of the presidential a nd vice presidential election. With the election of Thomas Jefferson, each of the 73 Democratic- Republican Party voted for Thomas Jefferosn and Aaron Burr which caused a tie. To resolve this there was 36 separate votes in the House of Representatives to select the President and Vice President. In 1832, both major parties turned to the national convention as their presidential nomination device and still continues to serve them.Whether the current electoral process results in the best candidates for president is debatable. We must further look into the steps taken in order to become a president. Electing a president consists of five steps. These steps include primaries/caucuses, nomination at national convention, campaigning, election, and electoral college. Presidential primaries help to ensure that a party gets strong candidates for president. They do this by democratizing the delegate selection process and force would-be nominees to test their candidacies in actual political comb at.This is how most states select the Democratic Republican candidate who will run against each other. A caucus is a nominating device where a group of people with similar views meet to select delegates to the national convention. Not just anyone is nominated. To be nominate one must be more than just an older white male. Though, it is usually male. One must have experience and have served in elective offices. They sometimes are protestant or incumbent with a pleasant appearance and developed speakings skills.Once all the primaries and caucuses have been held and delegates are selected, the two major parties hold their nation conventions. The three main goals of the national convention are promoting party unity, adopting the party’s platform, and naming the party’s candidates. During this time each Presidential candidate chooses a running-mate for Vice-President. Once a candidate has won their party's nomination, he or she begins mapping campaign strategy . Campaigning is very important in order to win the votes of the American people. Through campaigning the cadidate states his or her position on various current issues.He or she steps up efforts to raise money and recruit volunteer workers. Fans of the candidates most likely will begin holding up signs encouraging to vote for their choice of candidate. Swing voters are important to campaigns since these are the 1/3 of the electorate who has not made up their minds at the start of the campaign. They are more open to persuasion for either campaigns. They also focus on battle-ground states since either candidate could win in those states. Finally on the first tuesday of November, the people vote for one candidate. This happens every four years.When a person casts a vote in the general election, they are not voting directly for an individual Presidential candidate. Instead, voters in each state actually cast their vote for a group of people, known as electors. These electors are part of the Electora l College and are supposed to vote for their state’s preferred candidate. In the Electoral College system, each state gets a certain number of electors, based on each state's total number of representation in Congress. Each elector gets one electoral vote. For example, a large state like California gets 54 electoral votes, while Rhode Island gets only four.All together, there are 538 Electoral votes. In December after the election, the electors cast their votes. When the votes are counted on January 6th, the Presidential candidate that gets more than half, 270, wins the election. The President-elect and Vice President-elect then take the oath of office and are inaugurated two weeks later, on January 20th. Returning to the main question, I don’t believe the electoral process results in the best candidates for President. I believe the choice should not be left for the electoral college but for each person’s vote to count.One alternative is the popular vote where e veryone’s vote would count for one vote. I don't think it is fair to try to convince people that they have a voice and encourage them to vote, when the Electoral College has the final say. The Electoral College leads to things like there being massive amounts of campaigning being down in â€Å"battleground states† like Ohio and Florida while people in solidly â€Å"red† or solidly â€Å"blue† states have their issues basically ignored because it's almost certain which way the state is going to go.

A List of French Verbs With Correct Prepositions

A List of French Verbs With Correct Prepositions Many French verbs require a certain preposition in order for their meaning to be complete. Some of the verbs are followed by prepositions or de and others by no preposition at all. There is no apparent grammar rule to which verbs require a preposition and which do not, so it is a good idea to memorize the ones that do have a preposition attached.   The list below is organized alphabetically and includes verbs with prepositions. The prepositions are in italics to make them easy to spot. Abbreviation Key: In the French,  quelque chose is listed as qqch and  quelquun is written qqun, and in the English, someone is  s-o  and something is  s-t . French Verbs With Prepositions, A to C (sarbriter croire) sabriter contre (le vent) - to take shelter against (the wind)accepter de - to accept, agree toaccuser (qqun) de - to accuse (s-o) ofacheter - to buy fromacheter (qqch) sur le marchà © - to buy (s-t) at the marketachever de - to finishagir en - to act like/assagir de - to be a question ofaider - to help toaller - to go, to be going toaller vers (midi) - to go at around (noon)aller vers (Nice) - to go toward (Nice)samuser infinitive - to amuse oneself ___-ingapercevoir - to perceive, catch sight ofsapercevoir de - to noticeapprendre - to learn how tosapprà ªter - to get ready tosapprocher de - to approachapprouver - to approve ofappuyer sur (le bouton) - to press (the button)appuyer sur (le mur) - to lean on (the wall)sappuyer contre (un arbre) - to lean against (a tree)arracher - to grab, tear away from(s)arrà ªter de - to stop ___-ingarriver - to manage/succeed in ___-ingarriver de (Paris, Canada) - to arrive from (Paris, Canada)arriver par - to succeed through/byarriver sur (midi) - to arrive at around (noon)sasseoir contre (son ami) - to sit next to (ones friend)assister (la rà ©union) - to attend (the meeting)sassurer contre (lincendie) - to insure against (fire)attendre - to wait forsattendre - to expect tosautoriser - to authorize / allow toavertir de - to warn aboutavoir - to have to / be obliged toavoir beau (jai beau essayer) - despite doing (despite trying)avoir besoin de - to needavoir confiance en - to trustavoir envie de - to wantavoir peur de - to be afraid of ___-ingse battre contre - to fight againstblà ¢mer de - to blamese blottir contre (sa mà ¨re, son chien) - to cuddle up next to (ones mother, dog)boire qqchose dans (une tasse) - to drink something out of (a cup)casser en (morceaux, trois) - to break in(to) (pieces, three)cesser de - to stop, cease ___-ingchanger de (train) - to change (trains)se changer en - to change intochercher - to look forchercher - to attempt tochercher dans (la boà ®te) - to look in (the box)chois ir de - to choose tocommander ( qqun) de faire - to order (someone) to docommencer - to begin to, to begin ___-ingcommencer par - to begin by ___-ingcompter - to expect, intendcompter pour - to be worthcompter sur - to count onconcentrer sur - to concentrate oncondamner pour (meurtre) - to sentence for (murder)conseiller - to adviseconseiller qqun de faire qqch - to advise someone to do somethingconseiller de - to advise toconsentir - to consent tose contenter de - to be happy ___-ingcontinuer /de - to continue to, to continue ___-ingconvenir - to please, to be suitable forconvenir de - to agree toconvertir qqch en - to convert s-t intocopier sur qqun - to copy from s-ocouper en (deux) - to cut in (two)courir - to run (to do something)courir dans (lherbe) - to run through (the grass)coà »ter dans (les cent euros) - to cost about (100 euros)craindre de - to fear ___-ingcraindre pour (sa vie) - to fear for (ones life)creuser pour - to dig forcroire - to think, believecroire - t o believe somethingcroire en - to believe incroire qqun sur parole - to take someones word French Verbs With Prepositions, D to I (daigner inviter) daigner  - to deign todà ©cider (qqun)   - to persuade (s-o) todà ©cider de  - to decide tose  dà ©cider   - to make up ones mind todà ©fendre (qqun)  - to forbid (s-o)dà ©fendre   qqun  de  faire  qqch  - to forbid s-o to do  s-tdà ©fendre de (qqch)  - to forbid (s-t)se  dà ©guiser en  - to disguise oneself asdemander  - to ask fordemander (qqun)  - to ask (someone)demander (faire  qqch)  - to ask (for permission to do something)demander   qqun  de  faire  qqch  - to ask s-o to do  s-tse  dà ©pà ªcher de  - to hurry todà ©pendre de  - to depend ondà ©plaire   - to  displease / be  displeasing todà ©ranger  qqun  de  - to bother s-o todescendre  - to go down(stairs)dà ©sirer  - to wantdà ©sobà ©ir   - to disobeydà ©tester  - to hatedevoir  - to have to, be obliged todire   (qqun)  - to say to, to tell (s-o)dire   qqun  de  faire  qqch  - to tell someone to do somethingdirige r  son attention  sur  - to direction ones attention tose  diriger  vers  - to move toward/make/head fordonner  qqch  - to give somethingdonner  qqch  contre  - to give something in exchange fordonner  qqch  Ã‚  qqun  - to give s-o s-t, to give s-t to  s-odonner  sur  - to overlook, open ontodormir  (la  nuit) - to sleep (at night)douter  de  - to doubtà ©changer  qqch  contre  qqch  - to exchange something for s-t elseà ©couter (la radio)  - to listen to (the radio)à ©crire en (encre, franà §ais)  - to write in (ink, French)à ©crire  sur  - to write aboutsefforcer  de  - to endeavor toemmener  - to takesemparer  de  - to grabempà ªcher de  - to prevent, keep from ___-ingsempresser  de  - to hurry toemprunter  un livre   qqun  - to borrow a book from  s-oencourager  qqun  Ã‚  faire  - to encourage s-o to dosendormir  sur  (un livre, son travail)  - to fall asleep (over a book, at work )sengager  Ã‚  - to get around toennuyer  qqun  de  - to bother/upset s-o toenseigner  Ã‚  - to teach toentendre  - to hearentrer  - to enter (in order to do something)entrer  dans  - to enterenvoyer  (qqch) (qqun)  - to send (s-t) to (s-o)envoyer  chercher  - to send foressayer  - to try onessayer de  - to try tosà ©tendre  sur  - to spread out oversà ©tonner de  - to be astonished byà ªtre  Ã‚  - to belong toà ªtre censà ©Ã‚  - to be supposed toà ªtre en colà ¨re  contre  - to be angry atà ªtre pour  - to be in favor ofà ªtre vers (Paris, 3h00)  - to be around/near (Paris, 3:00)sexcuser  de  - to apologize for ___-ingse  fà ¢cher  contre  - to get mad atfaillir  - to almost do somethingfaire   infinitive  (causative) - to cause tofaire  attention  Ã‚  - to pay attention tofalloir  (il  faut)  - to be necessary tofà ©liciter  qqun  de  - to congratulate s-o for/onfermer  la  porte  sur  soi  - to close the door behind oneselfse  fier   (qqun)  - to trust (s-o)se  figurer  - to imagine, picturefinir  de  - to finish ___-ingfinir  par  - to end up ___-ing / to finally do  s-tfouiller  dans  (qqch)  - to look through (s-t)goà »ter   qqch  - to taste somethinggrignoter  qqch  - to nibble on, eat away at somethinggronder  de  - to scold for ___-inghabiter  ()  - optional preposition - to live inhabiter  par (ici)  - to live around (here)shabituer  Ã‚  - to get used tose  hà ¢ter de  - to hurry tohà ©riter de (qqch  /  qqun)  - to inherit (s-t / from s-o)hà ©siter   - to hesitate toignorer  - to be unaware ofsimaginer  - to imagineinterdire  Ã‚  - to forbidinterdire  Ã‚  qqun  de  faire  qqch  - to forbid s-o to do  s-tsintà ©resser   - to be interested ininterroger  qqun  sur  qqch  - to question s-o about  s-tinviter (qqun)   - to invite (s-o) to French Verbs With Prepositions, J to P (jeter punir de) jeter (qqch)   - to throw (s-t) tose jeter sur qqun  - to throw oneself upon someonejouer  Ã‚  - to play (a game or a sport)jouer de  - to play (an instrument)jouir de  - to enjoyjurer par  - to swear bylaisser  - to allowlaisser pour (mort)  - to leave for (dead)lire dans (le journal)  - to read in (the paper)loucher sur  - to oglemanger dans la main qqun  - to eat out of someones handmanger dans lassiette  - to eat off of a platemanquer  Ã‚  - to miss someonemanquer de  - to neglect, fail to (do s-t), to lackse mà ©fier de  - to distrust, beware ofmà ªler   - to mingle with / to join inmà ©riter de  - to deserve tomà ©surer en (mà ¨tres)  - to measure in (meters)mettre  - to put onmettre son espoir dans  - to pin ones hopes onse mettre   - to start, set about ___-ingse mettre contre le mur  - to stand against the wallse mettre en colà ¨re  - to get madse mettre en route  - to set outmonter  - to go up, climbse moquer  de  - to make fun ofnier  - to denynuire   - to harmobà ©ir   - to obeyobliger   - to oblige toobtenir qqch par  - to obtain something bysoccuper de  - to be busy withoffrir de  - to offer toordonner qqun de faire qqch  - to order s-o to do s-toser  - to dareoublier de  - to forget toparaà ®tre  - to appear, seempardonner   - to pardon, forgiveparler   - to talk toparler de  - to talk aboutparler pour  - to speak on behalf ofpartir  dans (10 minutes)  - to leave in (10 minutes)partir dans (les montagnes)  - to leave for (the mountains)partir de  - to leavepartir pour  - to leave for/be off toparvenir   - to succeed in ___-ingse  passer  de  - to do withoutpasser du temps   - to spend time ___-ingpayer (le repas)  - to pay for (the meal)payer pour (qqun)  - to pay for (someone)se pencher pour  - to bend down in order topenser  faire  - to plan on, intend topenser   - to think about (imagine)penser de  - to think about (o pinion)perdre du temps   - to waste time ___-ingpermettre   - to permit(se) permettre de  - to allow (oneself) topermettre qqun de faire qqch  - to allow s-o to do s-tpersister   - to persist in ___-ingpersuader de  - to persuade tose plaindre de  - to complain aboutplaire   - to please / be pleasing tose plaire   - to take pleasure in ___-ingpleurer  - to cry aboutpleuvoir dans (la France)  - to rain in (France)pousser (qqun)   - to push/urge (s-o) topouvoir  - to be able toprà ©fà ©rer  - to preferprà ©fà ©rer ___ ___  - to prefer ___ to/over ___, to like ___ more than ___prendre  garde de  - to be careful not toprendre le parti de  - to decide toprendre modà ¨le sur qqun  - to model oneself on someoneprendre qqch dans (une boà ®te)  - to take s-t from (a box)prendre qqun par (la main)  - to take s-o by (the hand)se prà ©parer   - to prepare oneself tose presser de  - to hurry toprà ©tendre  - to claimprier  - to pray top rier de  - to beg toprofiter   - to benefit / be profitable toprofiter de  - to make the most ofpromettre qqun de faire qqch  - to promise s-o to do s-tpromettre de  - to promise toproposer de  - to suggest ___-ingpuer  - to stink ofpunir de  - to punish for French Verbs With Prepositions, Q to V (questionner voyager) questionner qqun sur qqch  - to question s-o about s-tquà ªter pour (les orphelins)  - to collect for (orphans)recommencer   - to begin ___-ing againrecompenser de  - to reward forrà ©flà ©chir   - to consider ___-ingrà ©flà ©chir sur  - to think about, reflect uponrefuser de  - to refuse toregarder  - to watch, look atregarder dans (la boà ®te)  - to look in (the box)regarder vers (le sud)  - to face/look (south)rà ©gner sur  - to reign overregretter de  - to regret ___-ingrejeter une faute sur qqun  - to place the blame on someoneremercier de  - to thank for ___-ingremercier pour  - to thank forse rendre compte  de  - to realizerenoncer   - to give up ___-ingrentrer  - to go homerà ©pondre   - to answerrà ©sister   - to resistressembler   - to resembleressembler par  - to resemble due torester sur la dà ©fensive  - to stay on the defensiverester sur ses gardes  - to keep ones guard upretourner  - to return, go backrà ©u ssir  - to make a success of, to pull offrà ©ussir   - to succeed in ___-ingrà ©ussir lexamen  - to pass the testrevenir  - to come backrevenir sur (un sujet)  - to go back over (a topic)rà ªver   - to dream of ___-ingrà ªver de  - to dream of ___-ingrire de  - to laugh atrisquer  - to risk (something)risquer de  - to risk ___-ingsauter sur une occasion  - to jump at an opportunitysavoir  - to know howsembler  - to seemsentir  - to feel, to smell (of)serrer la main (qqun)  - to shake hands with (s-o)serrer qqun contre sa poitrine/son coeur  - to hug someoneservir  - to serveservir   - to be used as/forservir de  - to put to use asse servir de  - to make use ofsigner pour (quelquun)  - to sign on behalf of (someone)soigner  - to take care ofsonger   - to dream / think ofsopposer   - to opposesortir  - to go out (in order to do something)sortir par (la fenà ªtre)  - to leave by (the window)se soucier de  - to care aboutsouha iter  - to wishse souvenir de  - to remembersubir  - to be subjected tosuccà ©der   - to succeed, followsupplier de  - to be / beseechsurvivre   - to survivetà ¢cher de  - to try totarder   - to delay / be late in ___-ingtà ©là ©phoner qqun  - to calltà ©là ©phoner qqun de faire qqch  - to call s-o to do s-ttà ©là ©phoner pour (le problà ¨me)  - to phone about (the problem)tenir  Ã‚  - to hold (s-o) to, to insist on ___-ingtenir de  - to take after, resembletirer sur  - to shoot attourner sur (là ©glise, la droite)  - to turn (toward the church, right)tourner vers (la droite)  - to turn to (the right)traduire en (franà §ais)  - to translate into (French)traduire vers (le franà §ais)  - to translate into (French)transformer qqch (en qqch)  - to change s-t (into s-t)travailler pour  - to work forse tromper de  - to mistaketroquer qqch contre qqch  - to swap something for s-t elsevaloir mieux  - to be preferablese vendre en (b outeilles)  - to be sold in (bottles)venir  (dà ®ner, aider)  - to come (for dinner, to help)venir   - to happen tovenir de  - to have just (done s-t)venir par (la cà ´te)  - to come along/by (the coast)vivre dans (la misà ¨re, la peur)  - to live in (poverty, fear)vivre de (ses rentes)  - to live on (ones income)voir  - to seevoter contre  - to vote againstvoter pour  - to vote forvouloir  - to wantvoyager en (train, taxi)  - to travel by (train, taxi)

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A reinforcement of the hierarchic structure by the location of knowledge of actualities exclusively at the top of the hierarchy, where the final reconciliation of distinct tasks and assessment of relevance is made. A tendency for interaction between members of the concern to be vertical (between superior and subordinate). A tendency for operations and working behavior to be governed by the instructions and decisions issued by superiors. Insistence on loyalty to the concern and obedience to superiors as a condition of membership. A greater importance and prestige attaching to internal (local) than to general (cosmopolitan) knowledge, experience, and skill. Characteristics of the â€Å"Organic Management System† are: The contributive nature of special knowledge and experience to the common task of the concern. The â€Å"realistic† nature of the individual task, which is seen as set by the total situation of the concern. The adjustment and continual redefinition of individual tasks through interaction with others. The shedding of â€Å"responsibility† as a limited field of rights, obligations, and methods. The spread of commitment to concern beyond any technical definition. A network structure of control, authority, and communication. The sanctions which apply to the individual’s conduct in his working role derive more from presumed community of interest with the rest of the working organization in the survival and growth of the firm, and less from a contractual relationship between himself and a nonpersonal corporation, represented for him by an immediate superior. Omniscience no longer imputed to the head of the concern; knowledge about the technical or commercial nature of the here and now task may be located anywhere in the network; this location becoming the ad hoc center of control authority and communication. A lateral rather than a vertical direction of communication through the organization, communication between people of different rank, also, resembling consultation rather than command. A content of communication which consists of information and advice rather than instructions and decisions. Commitment to the concern’s tasks and to the â€Å"technological ethos† of material progress and expansion is more highly valued than loyalty and obedience. Importance and prestige attach to affiliations and expertise valid in the industrial and technical and commercial milieux external to the firm. The Concept of Formal Organization (Peter M. Blau and W. Richard Scott) Social organization refers to the ways in which human conduct becomes socially organized, that is to the observed regularities in the behavior of people that are due to the social conditions in which they find themselves rather than to their physiological or psychological characteristics as individuals. Since the distinctive characteristics of these organizations is that they have been formally established for the explicit purpose of achieving certain goals, the term â€Å"formal organization† is used to designate them. They assert that all organizations include both a formal and informal element. The informal organization by its nature is rooted in the formal structure and supports its formal organization by establishing norms for the operation of the organization that cannot always be spelled out by rules and policies. It is impossible to know and understand the true structure of a formal organization without a similar understanding of its parallel informal organization. Organizational Choice: Product versus Function (Arthur Walker and Jay Lorsch) A manager facing the same basic question when he think about the form of his organization, whether to group activities primarily by product (various functional specialist working on a single product be grouped together under the same superior) or by function (all specialist in a given function be grouped under a common boss regardless of difference in products they are involved in). The manager should make choices based on these three criteria: Which approach permit maximum use of technical knowledge? Which provides the most efficient utilization of machinery and equipment? Which provides the best hope of obtaining the required control and coordination? The characteristics of manufacturing companies, the first are organized by product basis, and the other by function basis. For function based company: Less differentiation except in goal orientation. Integration is somewhat less effective. Confrontation of conflicts, but also â€Å"smoothing over† and avoidance; rather restricted communication pattern. Efficient, stable production, but less successful in improving plant capabilities. Prevalent feeling of satisfaction among the employees, but less feeling of stress and involvement. For product based company: Greater differentiation except in structure and time orientation. Integration is more effective. Confrontation of conflicts, open, face-to-face communication. Successful in improving plant capabilities, but less effective in stable production. Prevalent feeling of stress and involvement, but less feeling of satisfaction. They concluded that either structural arrangement can be appropriate, depending upon the organization’s environment and the nature of the organization itself. The Five Basic Parts of the Organization (Henry Mintzberg) Synthesized many schools of organizational management theory. Created a model of organizations with five interdependent parts: the strategic apex, the middle line, the operating core, the technostructure, and the support staff. Operating Core: the operators carry out the basic work of the organization. Strategic Apex: Those at the very top of the hierarchy, together with their own staff. The apex is charged with ensuring that the organization executes its mission. Middle Line: Managers that join the apex to the core. Middle line which transmits authority from the top to the bottom. Technostructure: The analysts carry out their work of standardizing the work of others, in addition to applying their analytical techniques to help the organization adapt to its environment. Support Staff: Supports the functioning of the operating core indirectly, that is, outside the basic flow of operating work. The interdependencies among the organizational members can be showed as: Pooled coupling: Members share common resources but are otherwise independent. Sequential coupling: Members work in series as in a relay race. Reciprocal coupling: Members feed their work back and forth among themselves in effect each receives inputs from and provides outputs to the others. In Praise of Hierarchy (Elliott Jaques) Managerial hierarchy is the most efficient, the hardiest, and in fact the most natural structure ever devised for large organizations. Properly structured hierarchy can release energy and creativity, rationalize productivity, and actually improve morale. Managerial hierarchy or layering is the only effective organizational form for deploying people and tasks at complementary levels, where people can do the tasks assigned to them, where the people in any given layer can add value to the work of those in the layer below them, and, finally, where this stratification of management strikes everyone as necessary and welcome. One of businesss great contemporary problems is how to release and sustain among the people who work in corporate hierarchies the thrust, initiative, and adaptability of the entrepreneur. Hierarchical structure has been the source of a great deal of trouble and inefficiency, the common complaint it face are: The excessive layering, too many rungs on the ladder. Information passes through too many people, decisions through too many levels. Few managers seem to add real value to the work of their subordinates. Hierarchies bring out the nastier aspects of human behavior, like greed, insensitivity, careerism, and self importance. Group authority without group accountability is dysfunctional, and group authority with group accountability is unacceptable. Group authority without group accountability is dysfunctional, and group authority with group accountability is unacceptable. Why Hierarchy? Managerial hierarchy is and will remain the only way to structure unified working systems with hundreds, or thousands of employees, for the very good reason that managerial hierarchy is the expression of two fundamental characteristics of real work: The tasks we carry out are not only more or less complex but they also become more complex as they separate out into discrete categories or types of complexity. The same is true of the mental work that people do on the job, for as this work grows more complex, it too separates out into distinct categories or types of mental activity. These two characteristics permit hierarchy to meet four of any organizations fundamental needs: to add real value to work as it moves through the organization, to identify and nail down accountability at each stage of the value adding process, to place people with the necessary competence at each organizational layer, and to build a general consensus and acceptance of the managerial structure that achieves these ends. Hierarchical layers depend on jumps in responsibility that depends in turn on how far ahead a manager must think and plan. He suggested as to make hierarchy work is to distinguish carefully between hierarchical layers and pay grades, and set up a different managerial hierarchy based on responsibility rather than salary. Companies need more than seven pay grades as a rule, many more. Technology as a contingency Factor (Richard M. Burton and Borge Obel) They covers technology’s effect on formalization, centralization, complexity, configuration, coordination and control, and incentives. They studied the effects that various dimensions of technology have on organizational design. The effects of technology assessed on six dimensions of organization: formalizations, centralizations, complexity, configuration, coordination and control, and incentives. Technology effects on formalization, propositions: If technology routineness is low, then formalization should be low. If technology routineness is high, then formalization should be high. If the organization employs many professionals, then Proposition 2 is not strong. If the organization is in the service industry, then the strength of proposition 1 and 2 is greater than if it is in the manufacturing industry. Retail and wholesale organizations can be expressed to fall in between. If the technology type is process(high automation), then formalization should be higher than it would be otherwise. If the organization uses modern information technology, then formalization should be high. Technology effects on centralization, propositions: If technology routineness is high and the size of the organization is small, then centralization should be high. If the organization is large and technology routineness is high, then centralization should be medium. Technology effects on organizational complexity, propositions: If the size of the organization is large and the organization has a technology that is routine, then complexity should be high(particularly horizontal differentiation). If the size of the organization is small and the organization has a technology that is routine, then complexity should be medium. If the size of the organization is large and has a nonroutine technology, then complexity should be high(particularly vertical differentiation). If the organization has a nonroutine technology, then the span of control should be narrow. If the organization has a routine technology, then the span of control should be wide. If the technology type is process(high automation), then complexity is high. Technology effects on configuration, propositions: If the technology type is unit, then it is more likely that the organization has a matrix configuration. If the organization has a nonroutine technology, then the functional configuration is not likely to be an efficient configuration. If the technology is not divisible, then the configuration cannot be divisional. If the technology is divisible, then it isn’t very likely that the configuration should be a matrix configuration. If the organization has a nonroutine technology, then it isn’t likely that machine or professional bureaucracy is an efficient configuration. If the technology isn’t nonroutine, then the configuration can’t be an ad hoc configuration. Technology effects on coordination and control mechanisms, propositions: If the size of the organization isn’t small and if the technology is routine, then coordination and control should be obtained via rules and planning, and a media with low richness and a small amount of information can be used. Incentives should based on procedures. If the technology is nonroutine, then coordination should be obtained via group meetings, and a media with high richness and a large amount of information can be used. Incentives should based on results. If the organization doesn’t have a dominant technology, then the technology structure recommendation should be discounted relative to other contingency factor.